A drug widely used on specialist advice for the PROPHYLAXIS and treatment of certain forms of MENTAL ILLNESS. The major indication for its use is acute MANIA, where it induces improvement or remission in over 70 per cent of such patients. In addition, it is effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder (see MANIC DEPRESSION), preventing both the manic and the depressive episodes. There is also some evidence that it lessens aggression in prisoners who behave antisocially, and in patients with learning difficulties who mutilate themselves and have temper tantrums.

Because of its possible toxic effects – including kidney damage – lithium must only be administered under medical supervision and with monitoring of the blood levels, as the gap between therapeutic and toxic concentrations is narrow. It should not be prescribed, unless absolutely necessary, during pregnancy – particularly not in the first three months. The drug should not be taken with DIURETICS.