In English law, the strict legal definition of clinical negligence must involve proving a clearly established duty of care which has been breached in a way that has resulted in injury or harm to the recipient of care. There does not need to be any malicious intention. Whether or not a particular injury can be attributed to medical negligence, or must simply be accepted as a reasonable risk of the particular treatment, depends upon an assessment of whether the doctor has fallen below the standard expected of practitioners in the particular specialty. In the UK a defence to such a claim is that a responsible body of practitioners would have acted in the same way (even though the majority might not) and in doing so would have acted logically. (See BOLAM TEST.) Also in the UK, ninety-six per cent of claims are settled without a Court hearing through various methods of ‘alternative dispute resolution’. The NHS Litigation Authority has reported that in 2014/5, 46 per cent of claims led to no payment being made and of the 4 per cent which reached Court, 64 per cent were successfully defended. The highest risk specialties in terms of numbers of claims were orthopaedic surgery, accident and emergency medicine, general surgery and obstetrics. In terms of awards, the largest were in obstetric and paediatric cases, reflecting the lifetime costs of negligently adjudged cerebral palsy.