Operations on the skin and underlying tissues that have been damaged or lost as a result of disease or injury. Congenital malformations are also remedied using reconstructive surgery. Surgeons graft healthy skin from another part of the body to repair skin damaged or destroyed by burns or injuries. Surgeons also repair damage using skin flaps prepared in another part of the body – for example, a skin flap from the arm may be used to repair a badly injured nose or face. Reconstructive surgery is also used to repair the consequences of an operation for cancer of, say, the neck or the jaw. Plastic surgeons also undertake cosmetic (aesthetic) surgery to improve the appearance of noses, breasts, abdomens and faces.